Retro-preparation and sealing: step-by-step protocols

– Clinical aspects of strategic treatment planning;

– Pain control in apical surgery:

- Premedication

- Local anesthesia

- Postoperative therapy.

– Flap design: paramarginal vs full muco-periosteal flap;

– Features of creating access to a pathological focus near:

- Chin hole,

- Maxillary sinus,

- Inferior alveolar nerve.

– Deep apical dissection technique;

– Strongly curvature of the roots: features of resection of the root tip;

– Isthmuses: classification and features of retrograde filling;

– Tools for retrograde root canal preparation: NiTi condenser;

– Apical cracks: tactics and prevention;

– Silers and compaction techniques of materials;

– Intentional reimplantation.