Working Length Determination in Endodontics: From Root Canal Anatomy to Accurate Clinical Protocols

— Understanding root canal anatomy and its possible variations

— Critical role of accurate working length determination

— What is the ideal length for root canal preparation and obturation?

— Modern techniques for determining an accurate working length

— Overview of traditional working length determination methods:

- Tactile sensitivity

- Radiographic examination.

— The consequences of overextended or underextended obturation

— The objectives of endodontic treatment: mechanical disinfection, shaping and cleaning, and three-dimensional obturation

— Understanding the importance of the apical seal

— The patency file

— 3rd generation electronic apex locators

— Advantages of combining multiple working length determination methods

— How 3rd generation apex locators work?

— Interpretation of readings

— Literature review and comparison of different methods: advantages and limitations.