Modern techniques to determine an accurate working length in endodontics

– Goals of conservative endodontics

– Causes of endodontic treatment failures:

- under-sealing

- hyper sealing.

– Methods for determining the working length of root canals:

- tactile

- X-ray

- using the apexlocator

- application of paper pin.

– Anatomical apex and radiological apex: the main differences

– Physical principles of operation of the apexlocator

– The role of the file to check the patency.

Recommended for: Endodontists, Pediatric dentists, General dentists.